What Is Bleach and How Does It Work

Bleach is a chemical that can remove or lighten color, usually via oxidation. Types of Bleach There are several different types of bleach: Chlorine bleach usually contains sodium hypochlorite.Oxygen bleach contains hydrogen peroxide or a peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate.Bleaching powder is calcium hypochlorite. Other bleaching agents include sodium persulfate, sodium perphosphate, sodium persilicate, their ammonium, potassium, and lithium analogs, calcium peroxide, zinc peroxide, sodium peroxide, carbamide peroxide, chlorine dioxide, bromate, and organic peroxides (such as benzoyl peroxide). While most bleaches are oxidizing agents, you can use other processes to remove color. For example, sodium dithionite is a powerful reducing agent that you can use as a bleach. How Bleach Chemicals Work An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds of a chromophore (part of a molecule that has color). This changes the molecule so that it either has no color or reflects color outside the visible spectrum. A reducing bleach works by changing the double bonds of a chromophore into single bonds. This alters the optical properties of the molecule, making it colorless. In addition to chemicals, energy can disrupt chemical bonds to bleach out color. For example, the high energy photons in sunlight (such as ultraviolet rays) can disrupt the bonds in chromophores to decolorize them.

The Power And Wealth Of The Chaebol - 2603 Words

As I have stated earlier, the Chaebols have gained significant advantage to become the top class due to government control of the financial system in the 1960s. The power and wealth of the chaebol could be best explained by the music video â€Å"Gangnam Style†, produced by Park Jaesang, who is known as Psy in the video. As of June 2014, on the CNN Entertainment website stated that â€Å"Gangnam Style† has â€Å"charted a new record: 2 billion YouTube views† (Conlon, 2014) and has become the most watched video in YouTube history. The video is enjoyed enormously by the American public, which is kind of puzzling, because many do not know the Korean language, therefore, are unable to understand what the video is really talking about. The video went viral and became a sensation because the main character Psy intentionally ridicules himself by performing exaggerated and bizarre choreographies with beautiful women and expensive garments in the video. Psy wanted to especially focus on the change of modern Korean culture toward a culture catered to the narcissist and pretentious people in Korea, even the singer expressed in a interview that â€Å"Human society is so hollow, and even while filming I felt pathetic. Each frame by frame was hollow† (Fisher, 2012). The underline message of the video was about class and wealth problem in present-day Korean society. Gangnam is a district in Korea that is known for its heavily concentrated wealth and high standard of living. Offspring of the ChaebolShow MoreRelatedSouth Kore A Case Of Successful Late Development Under State Authoritarianism Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesstrong relationship between the state and Chaebol (big business). The era of rapid industrial isation and the strong relationship between the state and the Chaebol contributed to the uncertainty of the state-business relationship between social circles (Thirkell-White: 2002). As the Chaebol and the state were heavily interdependent; the Chaebol were significant providers of welfare, in return for financing the political functions of the state. Eventually, the Chaebol began to question the returns it gotRead MoreSocio Political Allegory Of Park Chan Wook s Oldboy1698 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the â€Å"average† Korean citizen while his adversary, Lee Woo-jin, represents upper class citizens, or chaebols, in Korea. After analyzing these points, this paper argues that Oldboy does in fact serve as a socio-political allegory for problems faced in contemporary Korea. Problems that are addressed include democratization, class structure and privilege, capitalism, and the importance of power and money in Korea (Kim). Socio-Political Allegory in Park Chan Wook’s Oldboy While filmsRead MoreEconomic Development in South Korea4346 Words   |  18 Pagesbudget of Five Year economic development plans. Detailed information was reported to the President at the monthly economic briefings. Consequently the EPB became more influential in economic planning decisions, and their growth greatly strengthened the power of Ministry of Commerce and Industry. As one of the export promotion strategy, the government created the Korea Trade Promotion Corporation (KOTRA) in order to provide institutional support in foreign marketing. KOTRA as one of the â€Å"quasi-governmentalRead MoreWhy Are East Asian Business Groups so Common?1932 Words   |  8 Pagesaccounting and possible inadequate managers through inheritance. The Korean â€Å"Chaebol† is an example of a vertically organized pyramidal business group still controlled by a number of founding families. The Chaebol , contains many well known successful companies such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai and consists of centralized ownership, characterised by strong ties with government agencies. The ownership of banks within the Chaebol is prohibited and it is thought that the role of nationalised banks in channellingRead More‘The global economy has moved on from the Asian Tigers; the present and the future of the global economy now lie elsewhere.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? (40 marks)1421 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantages, including partially existing developed levels of infrastructure, good geographical locations with open access to the sea allowing easy exportation, cheap labour and strong government support. The Asian Tigers were most noted for their rise to power in the 1960-1980s, and were able to develop their country at rates unseen anywhere else in the world at that time. They experienced these decades of supercharged growth mainly from large amounts of exports to developed countries and high levels ofRead MoreJapan And South Korea Achieved Modern Economic Growth2365 Words   |  10 Pagesand of itself seems to have had more of a negative effect on Japan’s growth, the reforms that followed completely changed Japan’s course. Just before Japan was declared independent, a series of policy reforms under the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers changed the course of dualism. A variety of occupation-sponsored reforms transformed the institutional environment conditioning economic performance in Japan (Nakamura, 1995). A Daily Report Foreign Radio Broadcast from 1950 shows that landlord controlledRead MoreSamsungs influence on South Korea1698 Words   |  7 Pagesto watch a Samsung-owned pro baseball team in your Samsung-made apartment. The Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Seoul and operating worldwide. During the last century Samsung became the largest chaebol – the Korean term for corporate groups that were jump-start with government support and established itself as the main driving economic and political factor in South Korea. That is why the Republic of Korea is also referred to as the Samsung RepublicRead More1997 Asian Financial Crisis and Hyundai Motor Corp7119 Words   |  29 Pagesthereby increasing their market share in South Korea. Hyundai’s Market Share in South Korea: [pic] South Korean Macro Study Economic Background: The South’s success was quite unforeseen. The country where Park Chung Hee seized power in 1961 had a GDP per head equal to Algeria’s. Its third-largest export was wigs. The average life expectancy of its people was 55. But those people were well-educated, they worked hard and they saved what they could. The government did its best toRead More1997 Asian Financial Crisis and Hyundai Motor Corp7129 Words   |  29 Pagesincreasing their market share in South Korea. Hyundai’s Market Share in South Korea: [pic] South Korean Macro Study Economic Background: The South’s success was quite unforeseen. The country where Park Chung Hee seized power in 1961 had a GDP per head equal to Algeria’s. Its third-largest export was wigs. The average life expectancy of its people was 55. But those people were well-educated, they worked hard and they saved what they could. The government did its best toRead MoreContributing Factors That Bring South Korea as Advanced Country4219 Words   |  17 Pagesmajority of the population lives in cities. j. Relatively high level of population health. â€Å"Other than that, according to the International Monetary Fund, advanced economies comprise 65.8% of global nominal GDP and 52.1% of global GDP (PPP) or purchasing power parity in 2010.In 2011, the ten largest advanced economies by either nominal GDP or GDP (PPP) are the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Spain and South Korea.† 1.2 Background

Financial management Finner ltd investment Free Essays

string(69) " focuses on the development procedure in relation to an enterpriser\." In today ‘s competitory concern environment, the effectual direction of invention is an indispensable activity for a house to keep its fight and finally survive. Traditional methods of pull offing administrations are said to be uneffective in battling a disruptive universe, full of uncertainness. Technological promotions and an accelerated gait of alteration are major factors act uponing direction precedences and are disputing traditional concern theoretical accounts. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial management Finner ltd investment or any similar topic only for you Order Now This realization has brought about the development of corporate entrepreneurship and the importance managing and developing invention. The intent of this study is to critically measure to importance of making and developing chances, pull offing invention and corporate entrepreneurship in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. The study will discourse the assorted constructs and will peculiarly concentrate on the activities of 3M in relation to the constructs. The study will get down by supplying a background of 3M in relation to its activities, coverage and values and will supply an overview of the subjects covered in the study. This will be followed by treatments on making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration in relation to 3M and its operations. Based on the research conducted and decisions, it is evident that 3M values creativeness and invention to a high regard and has incorporated systems and programmes at all degrees of the administration to back up an ambiance of entrepreneurial behavior. 3M ‘s path record and strong repute of invention is grounds that these enterprises have proved successful for the administration. Despite their success, 3M has besides faced assorted challenges due to the altering nature of the markets which they operate within. It is recommended that 3M continue to revise their enterprises in order to accommodate to the altering nature of the environment. In making so, 3M will keep its fight against industry challengers and will go on to advance a healthy ambiance of invention, creativeness and entrepreneurship. Such administrations will make good to analyze the model instance of 3M as they provide a good illustration of success in entrepreneurial behavior. Introduction The Purpose of this study is to critically measure how 3M appears to move in relation to making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration. The study will get down by supplying an overview of 3M ; foregrounding its key merchandises and services, its concern activities and operations and discoursing the nucleus value of the company. The range of the study will be taken from a planetary graduated table as 3M is an international administration and the clip frame will cover the early yearss of the concern from its initial beginnings in 1902 to present twenty-four hours, peculiarly concentrating on recent development at 3M. 3M 3M is a scientific discipline based company who produce merchandises in a scope of market sectors from high manner safety to wellness attention to place and office merchandises to adhesives and abradants. The company has 75,000 employees globally with 3,500 within the UK and Ireland. The administration has more than 35 concern unites which are organised into six concern which include show and artworks, electro and communicating, industrial and transit, consumer and office, safety, security and protection services and wellness attention. 3M operates in more than 65 states with 35 research labs and 35 international companies with fabricating operations. The concern operations cover 28 States in America and the company presently has 6,700 research workers worldwide with 3,400 in the United States. 3M ‘s merchandises are based on 45 engineering platforms, some of which include light direction, nonwoven stuffs, abradants, micro-replication, nanotechnology, adhesives and surface alteration. The company values are based on honestness and unity and are centred on employee development through assorted endowment and leading enterprises and besides on fulfilling their clients with superior quality, value and advanced engineering solutions to guarantee a sustainable planetary growing and an attractive return to their investors. Report Overview The debut will be followed by subdivision 3 which will discourse the activities of 3M in relation to making and developing chances. Section 4 will foreground how 3M Acts of the Apostless in relation to pull offing invention. Section 5 will analyze the operations of 3M in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. Finally, subdivision 6 will briefly summarize the decisions. Making and Developing Opportunities Harmonizing to Wickham ( 2006 ) , the designation, choice and development of the right chances are indispensable activities for houses in today ‘s dynamic concern environment. The ‘entrepreneur ‘ is said to be at the bosom of the procedure. An entrepreneur identifies concern chances to make and present value to stakeholders ( Companys and Mullen, 2007 ) . Despite this realization, the exact nature or beginnings of chances are ill-defined and has caused struggle amongst research workers within the survey country ( Ardichvili et al, 2003 ) . Companys and Mullen ( 2007 ) , classify chances as economic ( technological and market chances – stuff invention ) , cultural cognitive ( cultural inventions ) and socio-political ( societal webs and authorities constructions ) and discuss chance from a supply and demand position. Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) , argue that there is a deficiency of comprehensive research associating to the designation and development of chances and that such theory are unable to bridge research and pattern in specifying a sound solution as a agency of reacting market demands. Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) construct on bing theoretical and empirical surveies and suggest a model to help in the chance designation and development procedure. They besides province that chance acknowledgment is frequently a hard procedure and is one which is influenced by the undermentioned factors: Entrepreneurial watchfulness Prior Knowledge and information dissymmetry Social webs Personality traits ( optimism, self belief, and creativeness ) The types of chance Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) , province that in add-on to the identified factors, careful probe of and the sensitiveness to market demands every bit good as the ability to place optimum deployment of resources will assist in the development procedure. A restriction to their research is that it focuses on the development procedure in relation to an enterpriser. You read "Financial management Finner ltd investment" in category "Essay examples" Despite this, their research provides an apprehension into the chance designation and development procedure and can besides be adapted to an organizational degree in order to work market chances. Below is a basic theoretical account of the advanced procedure which is a valuable tool for seeking, choosing, implementing and capturing chances: Figure 1: Basic Model of the Innovation Process 3M recognises the importance of the chance designation and development procedure and that their clients play a crucial in the procedure. Harmonizing to ( Bassant A ; Tidd, 2007 ) 3M strive to keep a close relationship with their clients and do non go forth the designation procedure to their selling squad. 3M believes that their best thoughts originate from their clients and they committee their research workers to pass a batch of clip with their terminal user clients to understand their demand. Problem work outing squads are besides sent out to client sites to cover with their alone jobs. This is an of import manner for 3M to keep relationships with their clients and besides a manner to develop their competences and generate solutions to possible jobs where 3M employees may happen the inspiration to introduce or develop new engineering solutions. 3M believes that long enduring trueness can be achieved from client committedness. Dr William E. Coyne ( Senior Vice President of Research and Development at 3M ) supports this position: â€Å" We want to turn. Indeed we must turn if we want to last – and to make that we need the trueness of our clients. To acquire that trueness we need to turn to their demands. The best manner to turn to those demands is with advanced merchandises and engineerings. † Additionally, in 1982 3M developed planning Centres called Strategic Business Centres ( SBC ) as a means to organize the cognition and activities of their runing units in order to derive a competitory advantage in the assorted markets that they operate within. The intent of the SBCs is to recognize related engineerings, capablenesss, and systems and associating them with client demands. The purpose is to work together in the designation and development procedure of new merchandises and engineering solutions ( Tita A ; Allio, 1984 ) . This is another illustration of 3M ‘s efforts to make and develop chances. Burns ( 2008 ) identifies six polar strategic push which demonstrates the evolving nature of 3M activities in making and developing chances: Get near to clients and understand their demands Seek out niche markets Having identified market chances, diversify into these related countries Pursue merchandise development and invention at every degree of the administration through research Get different parts of the administration to pass on, portion cognition and work together Encourage accomplishment through acknowledgment and wages strategies These strategic pushs evolved as 3M ‘s learning experiences evolved over the clip period of 1920 to present twenty-four hours. Emphasis was peculiarly placed on acquiring near to their clients and understanding their demand in order to recognize possible market chances. 3M employees were the tools for working these chances. Employees with proficient accomplishments and old cognition provide the needed inputs for merchandise rating and development. The following subdivision will discourse how 3M act in relation to pull offing invention. The subdivision will get down by supplying an overview of invention direction, foregrounding cardinal theories and associating them to the activity of 3M. Pull offing Invention Trott ( 2002 ) argues that invention is the engine for growing and that companies must be able to accommodate and germinate if they wish to last. Pull offing invention is said to be a cardinal undertaking for determination shapers in prolonging a house ‘s fight and leting for continued growing ( Kuczmarski, 1996 ) . Despite this realization, there is considerable disagreement amongst many administrations sing the demand to keep stableness and a modus operandi of activities to carry through day-to-day undertakings or the demand for creativeness and the development of new thoughts and merchandises to stay competitory ( Deakins A ; Freel, 2009 ) . This poses one of the most cardinal jobs for direction today with tenseness environing organizational efficiency additions against creativeness additions ( Trott, 2002 ) . The direction of invention is a complex procedure because it involves the effectual direction of a assortment of different activities across different maps ( Burns, 2008 ) . Reilly A ; DiAngelo ( 1987 ) , province that effectual communicating ( formal and informal ) with the concern environment ( internal and external ) along with a support substructure and exceed down encouragement will help in the procedure of invention direction. Below is a basic theoretical account of organizational invention. Figure 2: Basic Model of Innovation Trott ( 2002 ) identifies organizational feature that facilitate the procedure of pull offing invention: Features Requirements Growth Orientation Companies that are advanced have the aim to turn the concern and actively program for long term net incomes Watchfulness This requires uninterrupted scanning of the environment ( internal and external ) by all members of an administration and non merely senior direction. Often formal or informal and this information should be shared with other maps Committedness to Technology A house must hold a long term attack to puting in engineering and a committedness to resources such as rational input from scientist and applied scientists in order to retain and pull quality employees Credence of Risks A house must hold the willingness to see carefully hazardous chances. This besides includes doing hazard appraisals and taking deliberate hazards Cross-Functional Cooperation This requires the ability to construct relationships between assorted maps ( selling and R A ; D ) and the ability to decide any transverse functional struggles Receptiveness The capableness of an administration to be cognizant of, place and take effectual advantage of externally developed engineering Slack This involves leting persons a certain grade of freedom or flexibleness to believe, experiment, discourse thoughts and be originative Adaptability An administration must be ready to accept alteration in the manner it manages its internal activities and must hold the ability to accommodate to the altering environment Diverse Range of Skills An administration requires a combination of specializer accomplishments and cognition along with general accomplishments to ease cross-fertilization of the specializer cognition. Additional, intercrossed directors and persons with proficient and commercial cognition are required to help the transportation of cognition Table 1: Organizational Features that Facilitate Innovation Management Harmonizing to Bassant A ; Tidd ( 2007 ) , 3M has established a clear repute as a major pioneer and that their successes can be measured in footings of the figure family discovery merchandises they have introduced which include Scotch tape, Post-it Notes and Scotchgard rug protection. Kuczmarski ( 1996 ) , states that invention is a mentality and that it is best described as a permeant attitude that allows concerns to see beyond the present and make a future vision. Harmonizing to ( Bassant A ; Tidd, 2007 ) , the advanced mentality became evident in the early 1920s when William McKnight became the company ‘s new leader. McKnight began his direction attack by engaging an discoverer by the name of Francis Okie who developed the construct of a waterproof sand paper which proved successful amongst 3M ‘s clients. This prompted a new market scheme for 3M of merchandise distinction and Francis Okie became the first full clip employee who focused on merchandise development. The success of such enterprises encouraged McKnight to set his religion in the abilities of his work force and prompted negotiations with his direction squad to play a polar function in making an ambiance where their work force felt inclined to bring forth extraordinary consequences. This ulterior became the cardinal subject of organizational direction at 3M and is apparent in the undermentioned quotation marks by William McKnight: â€Å" As our concern grows, it becomes progressively necessary to depute duty and to promote work forces and adult females to exert their enterprise. This requires considerable tolerance. Those work forces and adult females, to whom we delegate authorization and duty, if they are good people, are traveling to desire to make their occupations in their ain manner. † â€Å" Mistakes will be made. But if a individual is basically right, the errors he or she makes are non as serious in the long tally as the errors direction will do if it undertakes to state those in governments precisely how they must make their occupations. † â€Å" Management that is destructively critically when errors are made putting to deaths inaugural. It ‘s indispensable that we have many people with inaugural if we are to go on to turn † The corporate construction of 3M besides plays a cardinal function in the procedure of pull offing invention. 3M has a divisional construction which has developed organically from bottom up as a consequence of successful inventions nurtured in undertakings ( Burns, 2008 ) . The construction ab initio appears priestly because of the different degrees, groups and divisions ; nevertheless, determination devising is decentralised and there is a horizontal flow of information which allows for speedy determination devising and for coaction amongst the assorted groups. The function of directors at 3M is to back up and promote an ambiance of creativeness and invention whilst top direction service as the mechanism to reenforce the credence of failure and to legalize hazard pickings. 3M ‘s committedness to invention is apparent when sing their long-run investings in R A ; D ( estimated at US $ 1 billion per twelvemonth which is 6 % of gross revenues ) and their gross revenues marks. Harmonizing to Bassant A ; Tidd ( 2007 ) , 3M program on a annual footing to deduce 30 % of gross revenues from merchandises introduced within four old ages, with 10 % of gross revenues from merchandises introduced to market within one twelvemonth. The rules behind their ambitious marks is that invention is clip sensitive and that rushing up the merchandise development and selling clip will confound their competition and finally heighten their fight. To day of the month, 3M conveys a consistent image of invention via publications and when carry oning interviews with possible employees. The doctrine of ‘the manner we do things around here ‘ is said to be the key to 3M ‘s success because it creates the conditions in which inventions can be developed by anyone and from any way such as calculated inventions and lucky accidents. An illustration of a luck accident is that of the development of the Post-it Note by a researcher Art Fry who spotted the potency of a failed adhesive merchandise. The following subdivision will analyze how 3M behaves in relation to being an entrepreneurial administration. The subdivision will get down by researching the impression of an entrepreneurial administration, foregrounding cardinal theories and associating them to the activity of 3M. Entrepreneurial Administration Wickham ( 2006 ) , province that alterations in engineering, market competition and client outlooks is altering traditional methods of pull offing an administration. Wickham ( 2006 ) argues that due to an accelerated rate of alteration there is an increased degree of uncertainness and turbulency within many industries which is coercing today ‘s concerns to rethink their corporate schemes in order to last. This statement is supported by Burns ( 2008 ) , who states that entrepreneurial direction has become a extremely valued accomplishment to be nurtured, developed and encouraged. Burns ( 2008 ) , continues to province that traditional direction patterns which focused on efficiency and effectivity instead than creativeness and invention are non plenty to stay competitory and in being antiphonal to market alterations. This realization has brought about the construct of corporate entrepreneurship and the quest of going an entrepreneurial administration. Despite this, there appears to be small consensus on the significance of the term ( Deakins A ; Freel, 2009 ) . Below is a theoretical account of the entrepreneurial procedure as identified by Timmons A ; Spinelli ( 2006 ) : Figure 3: The Entrepreneurial Procedure Harmonizing to Burns ( 2008 ) , corporate entrepreneurship can be described as the behavior of an administration that encourages creativeness and invention at all degrees in the administration ( corporate, groups, divisions, concern units and functional or project squads ) with the aim of deriving a competitory advantage. Entrepreneurial direction is an emerging construct within the survey country which is described the ability to take and pull off and entrepreneurial administration in a manner which encourages invention, seeking for chances, inquiries conventional thoughts and patterns and continuously seeking ways to better and make a competitory advantage ( Burns, 2008 ) . Burns ( 2008 ) identifies the undermentioned factors as act uponing the entrepreneurial direction procedure: scheme, leading, organizational acquisition, civilization, selling, invention and creativeness, knowledge direction and entrepreneurship. This implies that the entrepreneurial direction procedure is complex and that it demands a multidimensional attack to pull offing. Below is a basic theoretical account which represents an entrepreneurial administration. Figure 4: Basic theoretical account of an Entrepreneurial Administration Adam Brand ( Manager of Business Information Services at 3M UK ) discusses the importance of cognition direction and invention at 3M in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. Brand ( 1998 ) states that the aim of 3M is to go the most advanced company in the universe and that the effectual usage of cognition direction enterprises are the tools for gaining their aims. Brand ( 1998 ) continues by saying that long term committedness from top direction, enlisting of the right people and strong support and acknowledgment systems are required to guarantee conditions for invention and entrepreneurship are in topographic point. Below are the identified direction enterprises and support programmes within 3M which facilitate an ambiance for invention and entrepreneurship: Elementss Actions Benefits Entire Company Involvement Top direction see it as one of their major responsibilities to back up and promote persons, groups and divisions Encourages knowledge linkages and coaction Tradition Lifetime employment and publicity from within are of import traditional 3M policies Low employee turnover, increased motive and occupation satisfaction Continuity Management encourage employees to work and see other divisions, sections and states Physiques a personal connexion with other 3M employees and across different sections and cultural boundaries Loyalty Over Time Lifelong employment and publicity from within agencies employees trust 3M and will be loyal over clip Allows clip for originative thought to be nurtured and advanced discoveries to take topographic point Tolerance of Mistakes 3M does non penalize errors but encourages risk taking Creates an environment where employees are non afraid to utilize their enterprise and encourages innovative believing Narrative Stating Top directors who joined the company at a immature age and who have absorbed the company ‘s traditions and narratives re-tell those narratives and their experiences This reinforces the traditions, values and attitudes which promotes an ambiance that encourages invention Flat Administration 3M ‘s level organizational construction allows determination devising to be made at all degrees This allows 3M to continuously develop, to accommodate and to seek for new beginnings of deriving a competitory advantage Invention Approachs 3M has taken two chief attacks to invention: shaping needs that 3M could utilize its engineering ( knowledge by design ) and developing new engineerings that require merchandise applications to be found ( cognition by outgrowth ) Approach one allows proficient employees to specify clients unarticulated demands which frequently leads to new invention whilst attack two allows inventions to emerge over clip Cross Divisional Cooperation Top direction encourages cross divisional cooperation Breaks down barriers and allows for invention to distribute across 3M instead than being centred in specific bunchs Coping with Chaos Top direction brand allowances and are non speedy to judge, buttocks and audit undertakings This allows advanced persons to develop their thoughts over clip without tight restraints Table 2: Top Management Long-Term Commitment Elementss Actions Benefits Organizational Structure 3M have put in topographic point a figure of constructions and acknowledgment programmes To keep the balance and to avoid over accent on efficiency and controls at the cost of larning Carnivals, Technical Audits and Chapters 3M employees are invited from around the company to analyze thoughts and to measure whether the different thoughts can be applied to the assorted markets in which 3M operates within This brings together people, accomplishments and cognition from diverse backgrounds which frequently consequences in the coevals of new thoughts and inventions 15 % Rule 3M ‘s 15 % regulation allows employees to pass 15 % of their clip working on advanced thoughts or undertakings of their ain choosing This encourages employees to work on side undertakings of personal involvement to them and has resulted in a figure of of import new concerns for 3M Grants 3M employees can use for a Genesis or an Alpha grant to help in the development of a undertaking ( equipment or labor to make their bing work whilst they spend clip on their 15 % undertaking ) or developing thoughts ( non proficient procedures ) Provides support to help with the development of undertakings or an thought and gives employees flexibleness to concentrate on their single chases outside of work demands Recognition Programs There are a figure of publicity strategies ( double ladder procedure – publicity to frailty president ) and acknowledgment awards ( Golden Step Award and Circle of Technical Excellence ) This ensures that advanced persons are known and recognised across the company and besides to promote other to originate their ain activities Table 3: Programs for Supporting Innovation and Entrepreneurship Elementss Actions Benefits Recruitment and Choice 3M recruiters search for people who are originative, have a strong worth moral principle, are self motivated and resourceful, and are job convergent thinkers with wide involvements Attracts persons who are eager to larn, willing to research thoughts with others, have a multi-disciplinary attack and who are happy networking Culture 3M has a acquisition and experimental civilization which is supportive and allow persons to boom Creates an empowering and lovingness civilization which encourages enterprise which increases employee satisfaction and motive degrees Table 4: Recruiting and Keeping the Right Peoples 3M ‘s record and reputes as an advanced company is grounds that these enterprises are effectual tools for pull offing an entrepreneurial administration. Brand ( 1998 ) , argues that simply implementing such systems are non plenty to vouch success for an administration but instead making a civilization or an entrepreneurial clime which supports invention and pulling the right people are necessary conditions for developing an entrepreneurial ambiance. 3M has a strong civilization of invention which has permeated the administration from top direction. This civilization has been in topographic point for many old ages at 3M and is considered more of a tradition and is a nucleus characteristic of the values and beliefs of 3M. The activities of 3M demonstrate their committedness to uninterrupted betterment and will guarantee they continue accomplishing their mission of being ‘the most advanced company in the universe ‘ . Harmonizing to Burns ( 2008 ) , today ‘s challenge for 3M is to keep its impulse and repute for invention. As a consequence of 3M ‘s growing, its activities have increased in complexness and besides due to the assortment of its different merchandise offerings, in different markets and at different phases of the merchandise life rhythm 3M has recognised the importance of following different managerial attacks to guarantee continued success. Burns ( 2008 ) , continues by saying that although 3M has had a batch of success from different enterprises, its high hazard attack to R A ; D and invention is non appropriate to all sectors, some of their ambitious marks may non be accomplishable by all divisions and besides as a consequence of increased competition enterprises such as the 15 % regulation have been placed under intense force per unit area, to the point of being described as an attitude instead than a world. The following subdivision will summarize the decisions and cardinal thoughts discussed in the study. Decision The research conducted in the countries of invention and entrepreneurship has highlighted the importance of recognizing the evolving nature of today ‘s concern environment. It has provided an understanding into ways of making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration. It is just to propose that 3M behaves in a mode which can be classified as an entrepreneurial administration. The systems, programmes and enterprises have been cardinal mechanisms in enabling 3M to make an ambiance of invention and entrepreneurship. This has proved successful for the concern and is apparent in the figure of family merchandises which have been introduced to the market. Despite 3M ‘s path record of success, they must besides recognize the evolving nature of their concern environment and go on to germinate to the altering demands of their markets. 3M must besides turn to their current challenges and program schemes to pull off them efficaciously. If non efficaciously managed, 3M ‘s employees can lose their motive and their advanced flicker. It is non plenty for 3M to trust on old cognition and experiences as mechanisms to excite entrepreneurial behavior. 3M must go on to germinate at the rate their concern environment is maturating in order to go on making and developing chances, pull offing invention and go on acting as an entrepreneurial administration. In making so, 3M will be able to go on populating up to its mission of being ‘the most advanced company in the universe ‘ . Administrations will make good to analyze the model instance of 3M as they provide a good illustration of success in entrepreneurial behavior. 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Marketing Plan of Made Group Australia

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Plan of Made Group Australia. Answer: Introduction International marketing management is referred as a multinational process of planning and executing the conception of product, pricing, promotion and placement of the product and services across the countries in the different cultural environments to create exchanges in order to satisfy the organizational goals and objectives. This assessment will describe the marketing plan of MADE Group Australia while entering into the markets of Singapore. This report will discuss the mission statement, market analysis of Singapore, company analysis, SWOT analysis, and marketing mix of the company while starting the business ventures into Singapore market. Mission Statement MADE Group Australia is an Australian-based food and beverage company that will be aimed at enhancing the market share, product positioning and profitability by starting the business ventures into the foods and beverage industry of Singapore. The mission Statement of MADE Group in Singapore will be To enhance the health awareness among the people of Singapore through offering the fresh, quality and nutritious long life milk products (Ferrell, 2012). The mission statement will connect the marketing strategies, plans, and actions with the organizational goals and objectives in order to attain the high growth markets in Singapore country. Description of Market of Singapore Customer- Singapore is a high growth potential market for the milk food products that will provide an opportunity for MADE Group Company to enhance its global market share, brand positioning, sales revenues, and profitability by starting the business ventures into Singapore market. Singapore is a destination where there is lot of diversities exist in the consumer shopping pattern, purchasing behaviors, and tasting preferences because of the geographical differences and demographic variations. The company will target the health-conscious customers who regularly consume the fresh milk products. It will target the youth customers, sportspersons or athletes, and health-conscious customers (Keilor and Kannan, 2011). The company will offer the variants of the milk food products, such as semi-skimmed and fat-free milk to the targeted customers across the markets of Singapore for developing the profitable markets in different regions of this country. Competitors- Singapore is a high-growth potential market in the Asia Pacific region for the milk foods products that provides the equal opportunities for the overseas milk foods firms to enhance the market share by staring the business ventures into the country. There is oligopoly in Singapore milk food industry because of a range of competitors, such as Yakult, President, Meiji and FN Nutrisory and Nestle Dairy are the major players in Singapore markets. FN foods is the leading playing having approximately 27% share in Singapore milk foods industry as it offers different packaged variants milk products, such as fat free milk, semi-skimmed, and pasteurized milk products. The competitors use product differentiation, pricing, distribution, and promotional strategies to achieve the profitable markets across Singapore markets. Market Size and Sales Estimates Singapore is one of the smallest countries in the Asia Pacific region, but it is one of the growing economies in the continent due to significant business industry. Singapore is one of largest importing company for the milk food products in the Asia pacific region which imports more than 90% milk foods products from other countries, such as Australia, China, India, and the UK and others. The dairy industry or milk food products account for 12% of total market share of Singapore industry. There is high demand for the milk foods products in Singapore because of the milk made products, such as Cheese, butter, condensed milk, Yoghurt, sour milk products, milk powder, and Curd (Kerin and O Regan, 2008). The estimated market sales volume in Singapore market is estimated 1.8 million tons in which app. 90% or 1.6 million is estimated to import from other milk producing countries (2015 reports). The sale for the milk foods products of Made group in Singapore market is targeted approximately 1 2-15% or 0.1 0.2 million tons of the dairy milk products. Summary After analyzing the milk foods or dairy market of Australia, it is summarized that the firm can target the health conscious customers and sportspersons to enter the market. There is diversified customer patter in the market of Singapore. Along with this, it is also identified that there is oligopoly in Singapore market comprising of the market players, such as FN Foods, Nestle, President, Meiji, and Yakult. The sales target of Made group in the market of Singapore is estimated 0.1-0.2 million tons milk. Analysis of Company Organizational Factors The organizational factors for the company include organizational structure, corporate culture, employee satisfaction, leadership qualities and managerial competences, and information system in the organization. The organization of MADE Group Australia has functional structure and Hierarchical culture. There is a centralized control, chain of command, and upward ordering process in the organization. The firm has several departments based on the organization functions. The corporate culture of the organization facilitates healthy and safety workplace, flexible working conditions, training and development programs, monetary and non-monetary incentives for enhancing the employees morale and job satisfaction. Along with this, the democratic leadership style and participative leadership qualities assist to manage the performances of the employees by encouraging them to contribute their best to the organization (Nijssen and Frambach, 2011). The managerial competences of the management are effective to lead the workforces by assigning them the tasks, duties, and responsibilities according to their skills, knowledge and area of specialization. Marketing Factors MADE Group Australia is one of the leading suppliers for the fresh milk products across the Australian markets. It implements the marketing plan, strategies, and promotional campaigns to promote the branded products across the Australian markets by creating strong brand awareness and loyalty among the local customers. It uses TV channels, print media, digital marketing campaign and social media marketing, celebrity endorsement, event programs, and website advertising. The marketing strategy of MADE Group is based on enhancing the market share and product positioning of the company as well as boosting the sales revenues of the firm by using the advertising campaigns (Richter, 2012). For this, the company also uses the cost leadership strategy to attain the competitive advantage through offering the milk products at lower prices than the competitors in the domestic markets. It has centralized supply chain including enhanced dealer networks and wide distribution to cover the most custom er markets in the country. Financial Factors Made Group is an Australian Foods and Beverage Company that makes significant profits and revenues by offering the wide range of the dairy food products across the Australian markets. The company has recorded significant sales growth during the past three years after an increase in the sales figures by 50% (65 million dollars). It generated the sales revenues of $ 120 million in 2015. The company has been developing the profitable markets because of in-housing operations, logistics on point-of-manufacturing, auto sales, and high economies of scale. It has significant market share in the Australian foods and beverages industry. The financial stability of the company is affected due to the fluctuations in the economic conditions and changes in the fiscal and monetary policies of the national government in the country. Manufacturing Factors MADE group is an Australian dairy foods company that offers the fresh long life milk, flavored water juice beverages, flavored milk beverages, sports drinks, and other milk food products. It has home production process because of its own in-housing manufacturing facilities and operations. It uses the highly skilled and technical workforce and latest production technologies to produce the fresh, quality, and nutritious milk food products. The manufacturing operations and process of MADE Group are highly diversified and flexible suitable to produce the both qualitative and qualitative milk food products as demanded by the customers. The company considers the quality standards, safety measures, and nutritional contents in its production process to produce the high quality of the milk food products. It has own manufacturing plants at different locations in the Australian country to produce, package, and deliver the milk food products to the different markets across the Australian country (Kerin and O Regan, 2008). The company gains high economies of scale to produce the milk food products in the good quantities as per customers demands. It has good supplier contracts with the dairy farmers to receive the consistent supply of the raw food milk materials. Summary From the company analysis, it is summarized that MADE Group Australia has functional organizational structure, supportive and hierarchical culture, flexible working conditions, democratic management styles, and participative leadership assists to support the HRM practices in the organization. The company has in-housing manufacturing facilities, manufacturing plants, and innovative production technologies to support the manufacturing processes and production operations. The company also enjoys the high market share in the Australian industry due to the low cost offerings, quality and nutritious products, and good customer base. The company uses appropriate marketing strategies and advertising campaigns to enhance the sales revenues and profitability of the company in the marketplace. Statement of Problems and Opportunities SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis is an important strategic tool that can be used by the management to analyze the product positioning and market share of the company in the relevant global industry. This is an important technique to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the firm in the marketplace. This strategic tool will assist the company to capitalize the business opportunities by overcoming the threats available in the markets. The SWOT analysis for MADE Group is following discussed as:- Strengths- Diversified Product Portfolio and good brand presence Good suppliers contract and vendor relationship Low cost product offering in comparison to competitors Steady cash flow operations Centralized distribution in the Australian country Weaknesses- Inability to maintain consistency in the quality of milk products Stiff competition from the competitors Not present in the developing economies Low profitable markets Opportunities- Growth of the businesses by entering into the new markets, such as Singapore, USA, Brazil Expansion of the businesses through mergers, acquisition or licensing in Singapore market Growth of the businesses by dealing with the B2B markets in the countries, like Singapore (Egan and Thomas, 2012). Business growth through enhancing the product range Threats- Political and legislative structure of Singapore country Price competition from the competitors, like Nestle, FN foods High competition in the relevant industry Fluctuation in the economic conditions International Marketing Programs Marketing Mix MADE Group is an Australian foods and beverage company which is planning to enter into the high-growth potential market of Singapore for attaining the high market share, brand positioning and sales revenue of the company. It will be effective for the firm to achieve the business goals and objectives by presenting an appropriate marketing mix for the company in order to operate good businesses in the Australian market. The marketing mix for MADE Group Australia is as followings:- Product- MADE group is an Australian based food and beverage company that can achieve the high-growth and profitable market by offering the fresh, nutritious, and high quality products to the customers to the customers across Singapore market. The product of the company in Singapore market will be fresh long life milk (Hunt, 2016). The company can offer the milk products to the health conscious consumers and sportspersons who consume the milk products in everyday life. The company can offer the high-quality of the milk food products by considering the safety standards, quality aspects, and nutritional contents in the production process. The company can offer the nutritional milk and milk made products to fulfill the needs of the customers by meeting the milk food standards. Pricing- The price penetration strategy is followed by the company to offer the nutritious and quality milk products at low prices than the milk products offered by the competitors. This pricing strategy will be effective to create profitable markets by entering into the market of Singapore. By offering the long life milk at affordable prices, the company will be able to access the wide geographical market of Singapore. Along with this, the penetration pricing strategy will be effective for the firm to attain a strategic competitive advantage by offering the milk foods products at low-up front prices in order to attract the customers from the competitive dairy milk foods industry of Singapore country (Swaim, 2011). This pricing strategy will provide the firm a cost advantage by offering the products at cost-cutting prices across the markets of Singapore. Placement or distribution- MADE group is an Australian milk foods company that can offer the product, such as long life milk through opening its own stores in Singapore market or distributing through franchisees, sales agencies, shopping malls, and supermarkets of Singapore country (Glowik and Smyczek, 2011). The firm can choose the centralized distribution to offer long life milk across the market of Singapore. There will be centralized distribution, wide geographical access, logistics on point-of manufacturing, and good storage facilities to offer the products in the markets of Singapore through the nearest stores for the convenience of the customers. The company can use the geographical segmentation to segment the milk foods industry of Singapore in different customer segments on the basis of geographical variations. Promotion- MADE group can choose the appropriate marketing strategy and suitable advertising campaigns to create the high brand awareness and customer loyalty across the milk foods market of Singapore. The firm can ensure the success of the milk foods products in Singapore markets through adopting the appropriate marketing campaigns. It can promote its products, long life milk through TV channels, digital marketing campaigns, social media sites, brand ambassadors, trade shows or promotional events. The marketing through digital campaigns and social media networking sites will be effective to attract the customers toward the milk food products in order to create the high brand awareness among the customers. Implementation This is an important step of the marketing process that will ensure the implementation of the marketing plan for the achievement of the agreed goals and objectives. The implantation of the marketing plan will require the alignment of tactical market plan with the core business growth strategies. The implementation process will ensure the success of the marketing strategy into the market of Singapore. Evaluation and Control This is the final step of the marketing planning process that will be effective to evaluate and monitor the progress of the marketing plan against the set performance indicators or determined criteria. This step will ensure if the marketing plan is continuing or progressing in the right direction toward the achievement of the organizational goals and objectives (Gilligan and Hird, 2013). The strategic evaluation and monitoring tools, like Balance Scorecard method or Benchmarking can be used to evaluate or control the marketing planning process into Singapore market. Conclusion From the above studies, it can be concluded that the marketing plan is prepared for MADE Group Australia to enhance the market share, product positioning, and brand image of the company by starting the business ventures in Singapore market. The mission statement was created to determine the business strategies, goals, and objectives of the firm accordingly. The marketing mix was prepared to analyze the products, pricing, placement, and promotion strategy of the company in the market of Singapore. The SWOT analysis was performed to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company while starting the businesses into Singapore market. The market analysis of Singapore was identified to analyze the market size, customers, competitors, sales estimates, and market conditions. The company analysis was also performed to analyze the organizational, manufacturing, marketing, and financial factors. References Egan, C. and Thomas, M. (2012). CIM Handbook of Strategic Marketing. Australia: CRC Press. Ferrell, C. O. (2012). Marketing Strategy Text and Cases. Australia: Cengage Learning. Gilligan, C. and Hird, M. (2013). International Marketing (RLE International Business): Strategy and Management. UK: Routledge. Glowik, M. and Smyczek, S. (2011). International Marketing Management: Strategies, Concepts and Cases in Europe. Singapore: Walter De Gruyter. Hunt, B. (2016). International Marketing Management. Singapore: Clanrye international. Keilor, D. B. and Kannan, R. V. (2011). International Business in the 21st Century, Volume 1. USA: ABC-CLIO. Kerin, A. R. and O Regan, R. (2008). Marketing mix decisions: new perspectives and practices. USA: American Marketing Association Nijssen, J. E. and Frambach, T. R. (2011). Creating Customer Value through Strategic Marketing Planning: A Management Approach. Australia: Springer Science Business Media. Richter, T. (2012). International Marketing Mix Management: Theoretical Framework, Contingency Factors and Empirical Findings from World-Markets. Malaysia: Logos Verlag Berlin Gmbh.

Herpes Essays (449 words) - RTT, , Term Papers

Herpes HERPES-SIMPLEX - TYPE 2 Herpes is a name that is used to describe several types of skin eruptions that are characterized by formation of blisters. The term embraces primarily two distinct disorders, herpes simplex and herpes zoster, both caused by viruses. Together, these herpes viruses are estimated to cause more human illnesses than any other group of viruses. Two types of herpes simplex are known. The first causes cold sores or fever blisters, which is an eruption of blisters that often occurs during the course of or after one of a variety of diseases that eventually cause fever (most commonly average colds, the flu, and pneumonia). The blisters usually appear around the mouth and on the lips (herpes labialis), about the nose, face, and ears, and in the mouth and pharynx. The causative virus has been shown to be present in the cell bodies of the facial nerve in persons who do not have blisters. It is this reservoir of latent virus that is the source of repeated attacks. Except for lotions to relieve pain, itching, or inflammation, no established treatmemt has actually been developed. The second type of the herpes simplex virus, however, is the usual cause of genital herpes. Herpes infections of the genital area have become increasingly Herpes,page 2 common, going along with a rise in general of many sexually transmitted diseases. Sometimes accompanied by headache and fever, the condition usually begins with a mild itching, followed by the development of clusters of blisters that break and crust to form scabs that eventually dry up. The process may last one to three weeks. In many cases new clusters of blisters appear as others heal. When a baby is born to a woman who has active genital herpes lesions, the infant is at high risk of contracting an infection that is often fatal, so these women usually have their babies delivered by a cesarian section. Primary cases of genital herpes can be treated by a drug called acyclovir, which was approved in 1982 and in another form, that is to be taken orally rather than used in an ointment form, in 1984. It also has been proving useful against recurrent attacks. The virus can also invade the central nervous system, or CNS, especially in people who are weakened by other diseases, such as cancer, causing a severe case of encephalitis. Early treatment of herpetic encephalitis with the drug acyclovir can prevent death and brain damage in many cases. How can herpes be prevented? Because the disease is transmitted most often through bodily fluids, the simpliest protection is to simply protect yourself. During Herpes, page 3 sex, one of the partners should definitely be wearing a condom, and that alone will greatly cut down an individual's chances of acquiring the virus of herpes-simplex type-2. Science

Kellys cognitive theory

Kellys cognitive theory Human personality has been a complex issue for long and has inspired theorists to create ideas to enhance the understanding of the subject. The theorists have made several attempts to understand and explain how the personalities are developed, their variations, how they affect human interactions with the world and their relationships with different psychologically-related disorders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kelly’s cognitive theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More George Kelly is one of the proponents of the cognitive theory which is the focus of this study. The center of Kelly’s cognitive theory is the manner in which individuals think because their thoughts affect their feelings and actions.The thoughts and feelings of individuals determine their personalities. Kelly identifies the major role in which the human cognition element plays in determining personality. This aspect forms the foundation of the terminology of personal constructs which refers to the different ways in which individuals collect information and with the support of their understanding, use it to predict events (Kelly, 2006). The individual interacts with the world based on the outcome of his prediction and this interaction becomes his personality. Kelly’s incisive evaluation on individuality is informed by the need to equate individuals to scientists. He postulates that the objectives of scientists can be linked to those of other beings. He suggests that in the same way that scientists build hypotheses and conduct experiments to establish their validity, people also develop theories based on their personal constructs and consequently employ various theories to predict events. However, the constructs may at times be influenced by the individuals’ past experiences that may not be relevant to their present societal circumstances hence rendering the constructs invalid. The distorted constructs cannot be used to predict events because they cannot hold new data entry due to their unchangeable nature. Given that constructs are limited in nature and cannot therefore be employed in all situations, individuals may at times be required to revise their constructs to accommodate data that is created by new experiences. The choice that an individual makes in order to change his construct is what Kelly calls â€Å"constructive alternativism†. The premise of his theory is based on the fact that â€Å"a person’s processes are psychologically determined by the ways in which he anticipates events† (Van der Kolk, Fisler, 2005). This proposition is known as the fundamental postulate, meaning that individuals’ actions determine their worldly expectations especially those which are founded on past experiences.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A child wh o has previously experienced abuse from his parent can neither expect nor become appreciative of affection from another guardian. Kelly also categorizes 11 corollaries under the postulate to expound the process of information interpretation which include expectation, experience and action. The construction corollary The individuals’ construction of anticipation is founded on their interpretation of replication meaning that their expectations are based on past happenings. The experience corollary Here, the construction system of an individual differs with his understanding of replication meaning that when events are not as anticipated, their constructs are altered or reconstructed. The dichotomy corollary The constructs are stored experiences which the individuals use to perceive the world and â€Å"guide† their actions. These constructs are usually unique to every individual hence the term, â€Å"personal constructs†. The organization corollary An interrelation exists between the constructs in regard to associational networks and chains of command in that the associations may be strong or weak. The range corollary The effectiveness of constructs is limited to several situations meaning that certain constructs can be extensive, whereas others can be narrow. The modulation corollary The range of certain constructs can be adjusted so as to hold new information but others cannot, meaning that certain ranges can be expanded and others cannot. The expansion of the range is known as dilation and the narrowing of the range is called constriction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kelly’s cognitive theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The choice corollary The individual has the choice of acquiring new experiences in order to broaden his constructs or reject them and keep them as â€Å"safe† but minimized constructs. The individuality corollary Due to the fact that in dividuals’ experiences vary, their constructs also tend to be different. The commonality corollary Even though individuals are different, to some extent certain of their experiences are alike leading to similar constructs. This fact is necessitated by the concept that shows that their perception of the world may be similar. The fragmentation corollary The variation in situations and positions in which an individual can be destined to be in can bring out divergence in the constructs. The sociality corollary This cognitive scope determines how an individual interacts with another depending on their comprehension of their constructs. Kelly’s theory suggests that individuals do not need motivation since they are not inactive nor are they recipients. This fact is enhanced by the idea that individuals may be living and hence destined to move. The only time individuals stop moving is when they die (Target Fonagy, 2001). Construction transitions Kelly’s constructs of t ransition refer to emotions and occur when an individual alters his construction systems after an experience which can in turn create anxiety, hostility and in certain cases, guilt. However, the construction systems also offer opportunities for reconstruction. When individuals find themselves in circumstances that their constructs have not earlier foreseen or encountered, they experience anxiety because they realize that their constructs are ineffective. Guilt manifests itself when one does not keep to the constructs that he identifies with. In the event that one’s constructs are not in line with the world, one can attempt to modulate the reality to fit into one’s constructs.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This aspect is known as aggression which can turn into hostility when the individual is persistent in trying to change reality so that it can conform to their constructs instead of their altering the constructs. An individual is said to have a psychological disorder when he refuses to reconstruct. Subsequently, he may not able to anticipate and accommodate new information. Kelly’s theory has had massive influence on later psychology and movement as it has been applied in disorders like schizophrenia, depression and addiction. The Kellian therapy functions by making individuals to either â€Å"relax† their constructs. The constructs are tested to determine their functionality and are used to verify their applicability and movement. The mentioned steps can be accomplished by employing â€Å"role-play†. The psychotherapy is based on reconstruction, which is founded on encouraging the individuals to change their constructs. This aspect is what is referred to as move ment. Kelly states that a theory has to be useful to be declared valid. The fact that his theory has been applicable in psychotherapy and psychology worldwide leads one to determine that his theory is indeed valid. Kelly’s theory is supported by several peer reviewed articles. One of the articles is titled, Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect written by Troy Higgins. It states that the vulnerabilities of emotions are interrelated with different inconsistencies involving â€Å"self-state† representations. It suggests that these inconsistencies are symbolic of the various harmful psychological circumstances related to various anxieties. The variations connecting the real self-concept and the model self-concept indicate that positive results may be inexistent. These inconsistencies and negative results can be related to emotions like hostility, threats and anxiety. The peer reviewed article thus supports Kelly’s constructs of transition. In another article titled, Personal construct psychology and the cognitive revolution, the writers Brien Graines and Mildred Shaw relate learning and motivation to the psychology of personal constructs. They state that the process of learning conforms to the postulate formulated by Kelly in the sense that an individual needs to alter his constructs to accommodate new information. In regard to motivation, Kelly includes this aspect within the choice corollary whereby the individual can choose to acquire new information in order to expand his construct (Schultz Schultz, 2009). The article by Dr. Christopher L. Heffra titled, Personality perspective on the other hand also validates Kelly’s theory by highlighting its usefulness. It does this by stating the relevance of the cognitive theory in treating psychological disorders like depression and other disorders associated with anxiety. The two â€Å"cognitivists† who stand out most in the theories’ application include Aaron Be ck and Albert Ellis. Their application is successful because they concur that by changing the way in which one thinks; actions and feelings can also be changed since the latter aspects are determined by thoughts or constructs and as a result, various negative personality features can be eliminated. The application of the theory in treatment can be evidenced by Becks evaluation systems; Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory (BDI and BAI) and Ellis’ ABC technique. Heffra cites the important role that studies have played in bringing out the importance of employing cognitive treatment over medication in dealing with depression as its effects last longer. Although the theory received a great deal of support through the insights into individuals’ thought processes and perceptions as provided by studies, it did record some faults. Critics term the theory as â€Å"weak† because of the theoretical nature of constructs and the lack of consensus in the way the theory is de scribed or applied. References Kelly, G. A. (2006). A Brief Introduction to Personal Construct Theory. In: Perspectives in Personal Construct Theory. Ed. Bannister. London, UK: Academic Press. Schultz, D.P., Schultz, S.E. (2009). Theories of personality, 9th ed. Belmont, USA: Wadsworth Publishers. Target, M., Fonagy, S. P. (2001). Playing with reality: The development of psychic reality from a theoretical perspective. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 77(3), 459–479. Van der Kolk, B. A., Fisler, R. (2005). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and explanatory study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 505–525.

Analytical report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analytical report - Term Paper Example Numerous countries in the world do not use the floating exchange rate system due to its fluctuating nature. However, in this situation, it would be best for the small country to use this system since it has more positives than negatives when it comes to growth. The recommendations in favor of this system and some of its disadvantages are discussed below. One of the main advantages of this type of system is the fact that there is an automatic balance of payment adjustments. This means that if there is disequilibrium in the balance of payments, it is normally be corrected by changes in the exchange rate system. This means that if a country has disequilibrium in the balance of payment, then it means that the currency would have to decrease in value. First of all the disequilibrium is brought forth by the fact that the exports outweigh the imports in terms of supply. Therefore, the local currency would be greatly supplied in the foreign market (Bized, 2011, para. 4). This would drive the value of the local currency down and would mean that the imports would be made more expensive and the exports cheaper. This would lead to an automatic increase in demand for the exports which would ultimately result to a balance of payment adjustment. The other main advantage of this type of system is that it frees the internal policy. This means that t he balance of payment is usually rectified when there is disequilibrium by a change in the external price of the local currency. This is as opposed to a fixed exchange rate system in which if there is disequilibrium it means that there is the need to cause a general deflationary. This deflationary could result to the general unemployment of the citizenry. The other main advantage of this type of system is that the country would be free from economic crisis but not completely as money is usually

Analysis of The Secret Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of The Secret - Essay Example The film explicit that human mind is full of negative and positive thoughts. However, in the overall thinking process either positivity or negativity gets complete hold of the mind. If the mind is under the control of positive attraction then things that people plan to achieve are acquired easily (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.). This concept of positive attraction has actually played a significant role in my coming to the college such that all through my childhood and early teenage I heard and saw people enjoying their college life and building successful careers. Since then onwards I developed an entirely positive thinking about getting into the college. As it is explained in the film that internal positivity attracts external positivity (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.), the same thing happened with me. I began to make friends who were also fond of getting into college with the similar positive thoughts and intensity. Since through the initial point I had concentrated on the posi tive attributes of college therefore ultimately I ended up in gaining positive outcomes. Visualization, affirmation and law of attraction can be explained as the core principles leading towards a successful and contented life (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.). Let’s consider visualization, whatever I will be thinking about in my college life that I will visualize in my mind throughout that period. For instance, I can use this principle to be a competent student in my college through visualizing its positive and long lasting outcomes. Moreover, I can visualize myself as the best student of the year so as to remain motivated, to strive more and learn more. The second principle talks about affirmation which is actually correlated with the principle of visualization. For instance, in order to be a successful student and later a successful professional I will have to be affirmative upon my visualization such that whatever my mind is thinking about is all attainable and achievable. Building affirmation is slightly more difficult than visualizing what you want and therefore it must be supported by positive and highly acknowledgeable individuals who have already attained what I am striving for (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.). This will significantly help me in affirming my visual thinking while simultaneously aligning all the academic goals and objectives of my life with my thoughts. Last is the law of attraction, as discussed in the film visualization and law of attraction play an equivalent role in a person’s life since I will visualize things towards which I am actually attracted (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.). For instance, I like seeing people getting high grades and having good academic records; therefore, I am always attracted to higher grades and visualize the same for myself. Since our attractions are also attracted towards ourselves due to positive emissions therefore I will be careful in building attractions towards different things in my college life so as to eliminate all those elements of the college environment which are not consistent with my academic goals. For further explanation following are the examples of how I will use all three principles in order to achieve success in my college life. Visualization: I can use this principle through imagining that I have got the best college teachers. In addition to this I can imagine having highest grades in college while maintaining good record of extracurricular activities. Affirmation: Affirmation of what I am visualizing is the most important part of the overall process which

Adaptive leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Adaptive leader - Essay Example They are able to be flexible and open to the possibilities that the environment gives at any given moment. The war in Iraq has called for all leadership to be adaptive because there was no manual to describe what they needed to do in situations like Iraq. As an example, the Army had no information about a "counterinsurgency campaign" and there was nothing by which to measure it. This meant that the leadership had to adapt quickly into creating something that would be done and how it would be measured. In order to be adaptive a leader must also be able to challenge assumptions and perceptions. They must look past the obvious to see the greater picture within their environment, especially when they are in combat. They must be able to perceive what is going on and then be able to see which elements are critical to the change; this is not always easy for a military officer to do (Whiffen 3). The officer must also be able to balance "force and restraint" (Wiffen 5) as he or she goes about the operations. This aspect calls on the officer to know his strengths and weaknesses and then the strengths and weaknesses of his company. In order to learn how to adapt officers must put themselves in situations that are uncomfortable and unfamiliar so they can "adapt by adapting". (Whiffen

History and Current applications of Behaviorist Theory

History and Current applications of Behaviorist Theory Behaviorism is a theory of learning. Behaviorism proposes that learning is based on the thought that all behaviors are gained when they are conditioned. The theory of behaviorism supposes that behavior can be studied in a controlled manner and according to John B. Watson we can observe it and it should have nothing to do with introspection because introspection is too subjective (Goodwin, 2008). Besides John B. Watson there were others also interested in the study of behavior, specifically, Ivan Pavlov and Burrhus F Skinner. Behaviorism was a major change from earlier views because it discarded the importance of the conscious and unconscious mind and instead it attempted to make psychology a more scientific field, by focusing just on the observable behavior. Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of Ivan Pavlovs and his research on the digestive systems of dogs that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning process, which demonstrated that behaviors could be learne d through conditioned associations (Goodwin, 2008). This paper will discuss the work of Pavlov, Watson and Skinner and how they contributed to todays behaviorist theories like cognitive behavioral therapy. It will also discuss how these early behaviorists theories are the same as todays behaviorist theories and how they are different. The History and Current applications of Behaviorist Theory Behavioral psychology otherwise known as behaviorism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all our behaviors are gained via conditioning. Conditioning occurs through our interactions with our surroundings. Behaviorism proposes that behavior can be studied in an organized and observable way without consideration or thought of inner psychological conditions (Goodwin, 2008). There are two major types of conditioning in behaviorism, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. When you take a natural occurring stimulus and then pair it with a response a behaviorist calls this classical conditioning and is a technique used in behavioral training. It involves taking a neutral stimulus (i.e. the ringing of a bell) and then pairing it with a naturally occurring stimulus (i.e. dogs salivate when presented with food). Continuing this pairing will inevitably cause the neutral stimulus, that was formerly introduced to create the response without the introduction of the naturally o ccurring stimulus (i.e. the dog will salivate with the ringing of the bell even when food is not immediately presented). The two components are then called the conditioned stimulus (the ring of the bell) and the conditioned response (the dog salivating) (Todes, 2002). Operant conditioning is the idea that learning occurs because rewards and/or punishments are consequences for behavior. With operant conditioning, a relationship is created linking a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (Skinner, 1954). Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and Burrhus F. Skinner all developed significant contributions to the advancement of behaviorism. While Pavlov, Watson and Skinner paved the way for behaviorist thinking, what is left of their findings? If we take a critical look at cognitive behavioral therapy we can see how the early behaviorists ideas are still alive today and how these ideas have changed with time. In the late 1800s, Pavlov was studying the gastric function of dogs. Pavlov inadvertently discovered that dogs would salivate prior to the food being presented to them, and decided that his discovery of dogs salivating prior to the actual food arriving was more interesting than gastric functions, and changed the focus of his research (Goodwin, 2008). Pavlov experimented using a tone for dogs alerting them that food was available. What Pavlov found was that his dogs began to salivate when the tone was introduced even when the food was not readily available (Schwartz Lacy, 1982). Pavlov realized that when his dogs salivated at the sound of the tone, this response is not a natural response but instead it was a learned response, and he consequently called this response a conditioned response and the neutral stimulus (presentation of the food) became a conditioned stimulus (Beecroft, 1966). Pavlovs work became known in the West, mainly due to the writings of John B. Watson. Pavlov thus c oined what we now know today as classical conditioning. Pavlovs research also had a direct affect on bringing behaviorism to the attention of the American public in the 1930s. John B. Watson is known as the founder of behaviorism however  Watsons Behaviorism did not catch on immediately and in 1913 when he publicized his Behaviorist Manifesto,   he was initially met with a lot of criticism and doubt (Goodwin, 2008). It was not until the early 1930s when behaviorism began to catch the attention of America, in part due to Watsons continued push on the public to recognize it as a valid theory in psychology. Finally after several articles were published citing the use of behaviorism as a way to improve lives, the public began to recognize behaviorism as a positive, meaning it could help to raise children more efficiently, improve marriages, improve business and overall help people to lead more productive lives (Goodwin, 2008). With Watsons book, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, behaviorism for the first time was given well defined goals, methods and thought (Goodwin, 2008).   Watson made behaviorism a discipline that created a structure based heav ily on the principle that learning is the key to development and behavior (Rilling, 2000).   In 1927, Watson and his then assistant, Rayner conducted a study that produced an intense fear of rats in a 9 month old boy they called little Albert. When little Albert reached for a white rat, Watson would make a loud noise that scared little Albert. What occurred in little Albert is what is known as classical conditioning. When Little Albert heard the load noise at the same time as seeing the whit rat he made an association between the two. Little Albert then shifted his fear with the noise to a fear of rats. In addition to classical conditioning, second order conditioning occurred as Little Albert then associated rats, which have fur, to all things with fur (Goodwin, 2008). Because of this second order conditioning, little Albert then believed all things with fur would produce a scary noise and he became afraid of all things that had fur (Mischel, 1993). Although Watson was asked to le ave John Hopkins and essentially could no longer work in academia he continued to promote his belief in behaviorism until it finally caught the attention of the American public. The impact of behaviorism was huge, and was a school of thought that continued to dominate psychology for the next fifty years. Psychologist B.F Skinner advanced the behaviorist perspective with his theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning verified the effect of punishment and positive reinforcement on behavior. There are two factors in operant conditioning, the response and the consequence (Skinner, 1954). If the consequence is positively reinforcing, then there is the likelihood of getting a similar response. If the consequence is punishing the likelihood of repeating the response is not probable (Mischel, 1993). Skinner conducted an experiment known as the skinner- box (Goodwin, 2008). In Skinners experiment a rat would press a lever and the lever produced a piece of food which consequently taught the rat that if it pressed the lever it would get positively reinforced with a piece of food (Skinner, 1954). Skinner also produced separate results when he replaced the pushing of the lever with the consequence of a shock. When the rats pushed the lever and received a shock they almost immediately st opped pressing the lever (Skinner, 1954). Skinner also realized that if he stopped presenting food ( in a process called extinction) eventually the rat would stop pressing the lever as well but not as quickly as when a shock was received thus, proving that punishment was a greater deterrent to the behavior (Goodwin, 2008). When operant conditioning is used using the reward and punishment techniques as described in Skinners experiment, the same behaviors can be produced in a child (Schwartz, 1982). During 1950 to 1970 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) became widely utilized and was inspired by the behaviorist learning theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and Clark L. Hull (Rachman, 1997). In the United States, psychologists were using B.F. Skinners behaviorism and applying it to clinical work and much of this work was focused towards severe, chronic psychiatric disorders such as psychotic behavior and autism (Rachman, 1997). The therapeutic approaches of Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck gained popularity among behavior therapists. These systems included behavioral elements and interventions that focused primarily on problems in the present. Elliss system began in the early 1950s and was called rational therapy and is one of the first forms of CBT. (Ellis, 1975). Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy in 1960 after being inspired by Elliss work and Becks cognitive therapy became a favorite intervention technique to study in the psychotherapy research in academic settings. I nitial research focused on comparing this cognitive therapy with behavioral therapys to see which was more effective (Beck, 1975). During the 1980s and 1990s cognitive and behavioral therapys were officially merged into what we now know as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Rachman, 1997). Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow introduced the idea that CBT approaches can be used successfully with the criminal population (Yochelson and Samenow, 1976). In conclusion, because behaviorism is based upon behaviors we can actually observe, it becomes much easier when performing research, to measure and collect data. Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, rational therapy and CBT all get there beginnings from behaviorism. CBT, rational therapy and behavioral interventions are all useful approaches for changing harmful or maladaptive behaviors in children and adults. Some differences between todays CBT and behaviorism is that behaviorism is to basic of an approach to behavior and it does not take into account an individuals choice of free will or any internal stimulus such as a persons moods, thoughts, and feelings. Another criticism is that behaviorism does not take into consideration the fact that there are other forms of learning, such as the learning that can occur even when reinforcements or punishments are not introduced (Swartz and Lacey, 1982). Finally, behaviorism does not look at the fact tha t people are able to adapt behavior when new information is present, whether or not the initial behavior was established through reinforcement. Behaviorism without the addition of cognitive influences is not enough. When we can get an understanding of the thinking behind the behavior we have a better chance at changing it. In the words of Stan Samenow change the errors in thinking and we can change the behavior (Yochelson and Samenow, 1976).

Mobile Marketing Essay -- Technology, Mobile Applications

2.1 Handheld Mobile Devices and Mobile Applications 2.1.1 Defining Handheld Mobile Devices The medium for mobile applications is a mobile device. While the functions of mobile devices vary, the key criteria such a device must fulfil is portability. To that extent, mobile devices have been described as ‘interactive wireless media’ (Haghirian and Madlberger 2005, 2). Mobile devices offer a range of capabilities, but essentially they allow access to data and information with the opportunity of being used in a variety of environments (ISACA 2010, 2). The term ‘handheld mobile device’ indicates that the device is limited to something that can be ‘held in the hand(s)’. Even so, the term ‘handheld mobile device’ may represent a different meaning to different people and therefore can be anything from a PDA to a digital camera. For the purpose of this paper, the term handheld mobile device (henceforth abbreviated as mobile device) will be associated only with those mobile computing devices that have the capability of downloading third-party mobile applications (as defined in 2.1.3). Namely, these are smartphones, PDAs and tablet PCs. 2.1.1.1 Mobile phones There are many known terms for mobile phones including cell phone, basic phone, feature phone, traditional mobile phone, smartphone, and system phone. Nonetheless, it can be argued that mobile phones currently on the market are typically categorised as either ‘feature phones’ or a ‘smartphones’. The definitions of these two types are widely discussed and disputed by analysts, manufacturers, journalists, and end users. The lack of a standard definition can be attributed to the advancement of mobile phone technology. As the technology continues to evolve, definitions are subject to ch... ...s have existed since the development of mobile devices. â€Å"Downloadable† applications (such as DMO apps), however, have only spread and reached mainstream usage with the emergence of smartphones and PDAs (Holzer and Ondrus 2011, 22). Beyond the fundamental definition, there are a range of classifications that a mobile application may fall under. In their 2008 white paper on mobile applications, the Mobile Marketing Association (MMA) suggests that, from a technical viewpoint, mobile applications can be distinguished according to the runtime environment in which they function. The MMA lists three types of runtime environments, namely native platforms and operating systems, mobile web and browser runtimes, and other managed platforms and virtual machines. By and large, however, the industry makes a distinction between native applications and web-based applications.

Ethical Business in Global Trade Essay

Ethical Business in Global Trade Introduction            Ethics can be defined as the â€Å"well founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to the society, fairness or specific virtues† (Manuel et al., 2010) In relation to Human labor, Auret van Heerden (2010) says that employers should treat employees like Human beings. Violation of human rights in the global food chain amounts to unethical business practices. Employees working for excess hours, companies employing children below the International Labor Organization required age, employees being paid peanuts and safety measures for employees not being maintained to avoid injuries are some of the unethical practices related to global chain            The role of the governments in the supply chain is to ensure that the rights of workers who work hard in production of raw materials and preparation of the final products are maintained (Auret, V.H. 2010). These governments are also placed with a duty to ensure that the safety of the products is maintained. This is possible with establishment of a code of conduct to govern operations of the companies involved in the global food chains. Frequent Inspection should be conducted with stiff penalties to companies that violate the human rights and safety measures of the product.            Management of a global market presents a challenge due to involvement of many governments. While the USA may have well laid down measures and regulations for ethical business practices of these companies, other countries in the global food chain may not have them. Some countries avoid putting up stringent measures in order for them to attract investors at the expense of ethical business activities            The fight for ethical business practices in the global food chain is very much achievable. These will require governments to work together. Consumers of these products can also have a critical role to play by giving a snub to products from companies that do not conform to ethical business practices. References Auret van Heerden (2010). Making Global Labor Fair. Retrieved fromhttp://video.ted.com/talk/podcast/2010G/None/AuretvanHeerden_2010G.mp4Manuel, V., Claire, A., Thomas, S., S. J., & Michael, J.M. What is Ethics? Retrieved from http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/whatisethics2.html?utm_expid=6222598-1.kwhpOqkUTTeXUGI-lneo5w.2 Source document

How to Get Your High School Diploma Online

How to Get Your High School Diploma Online A growing number of teenagers are earning their high school diplomas through the internet. Distance learning is often a great option for students who need to stay home for health reasons, desire to work at their own pace, find themselves unable to concentrate on their work in the traditional setting, or need to schedule their learning around a career (such as acting). Finding an online high school can be a challenge; many schools make big claims but few live up to their promises. Parents generally have two options for their children: private online schools or public online schools. Private online schools function much like traditional private schools, while public schools must follow national and state regulations. Private Online High Schools For the most part, private schools act independently of government regulation. Just like traditional private schools, they create their own regulations and have their own learning philosophy, which varies greatly from school to school. Tuition is often high since parents are charged for all costs related to their childs education, including hardware and software.These high schools may or may not be accredited by the proper regional association. If you choose a school that is not accredited, check with the academic advisers of a few colleges to make sure that the schools transcript will be accepted should your child apply to attend a college.Many well-established universities are beginning to offer online high schools; these schools are probably the best bet since they are tied to credible institutions that have been around for years. A few schools to consider include: Allied National High SchoolPenn Foster High SchoolKeystone National High SchoolChrista McAuliffe Academy OnlineMore online private high schools... Online Charter Schools If your state allows charter schools, you may be able to enroll in an online high school for free. Charter schools are publicly funded but have more freedom from government control than regular public schools. This is one of the best deals out there since public schools are not allowed to charge tuition and are generally accredited by the proper organization. States such as Minnesota and California have provisions in their state laws that permit students to enroll in charter programs that are paid for by the government. Schools Blue Sky in Minnesota offers students the chance to earn a diploma without paying for classes or materials. Choice2000 in California is completely online, completely free, and completely accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Some schools even provide computer equipment and hands-on materials free of charge.Find a no-cost program in your area by searching the directory of online public charter schools. Transitioning to an Online Program Whether you choose a private school or a public school, do a little investigating before you enroll your teenager. Interviewing the school of your choice can be a great way to make sure that youll get the resources you need and checking with the correct regional accreditation board can ensure that your school is properly accredited. Finally, make sure your child is emotionally and academically prepared to learn through the internet. Many students struggle being away from social events and friends and have difficulty avoiding the many distractions in the home. But, if your teenager is prepared and you choose the right school, online learning can be a great asset to her future.See: Online High School Profiles

Quotes to Mark International Womens Day

Quotes to Mark International Womens Day The United Nations instituted International Womens Day, celebrated every year on March 8, to commemorate the contribution of women in the socio-political sphere as well as in global peace and security.​ International Womens Day can be traced back to the womens suffrage movement  starting in the 19th century. Over many decades, women achieved tremendous progress in many areas of life. Womens emancipation from​ traditional roles took on new meaning when they traveled into space and fought alongside men in combat. Insightful Quotes About Womenhood Mahatma Gandhi Woman is the companion of man, gifted with equal mental capacity. Farrah Fawcett God gave women intuition and femininity. Used properly, the combination easily jumbles the brain of any man Ive ever met. Harriet Beecher Stowe Women are the real architects of society. Charles Malik The fastest way to change society is to mobilize the women of the world. Barbara Bush Somewhere out in this audience may even be someone who will one day follow in my footsteps, and preside over the White House as the Presidents spouse. I wish him well! Virginia Woolf Women have served all these centuries as looking-glasses possessing the magic and delicious power of reflecting the figure of a man at twice its natural size. Timothy Leary Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition. Ville Valo Women are always beautiful.. Loretta Young A charming woman doesn’t follow the crowd. She is herself. Philip Moeller Women are seldom silent. Their beauty is forever speaking for them. Nancy Pelosi Women are leaders everywhere you look from the CEO who runs a Fortune 500 company to the housewife who raises her children and heads her household. Our country was built by strong women and we will continue to break down walls and defy stereotypes. Melinda Gates A woman with a voice is by definition a strong woman. But the search to find that voice can be remarkably difficult. Eleanor Roosevelt Nobody can make you feel inferior without your permission. Robert Elliott Gonzales, Poems and Paragraphs All the worlds a stage, and its a dead easy guess which sex has all the speaking parts. Louise Otto The history of all times, and of today especially, teaches that women will be forgotten if they forget to think about themselves. Margaret Sanger A free race cannot be born of slave mothers. Ellen DeGeneres I really dont think I need buns of steel. Id be happy with buns of cinnamon. Joseph Conrad Being a woman is a terribly difficult task  since it consists principally in dealing with men. Margaret Thatcher If you want something said, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman. Christabel Pankhurst Remember the dignity of your womanhood. Do not appeal, do not beg, do not grovel. Take courage, join hands, stand beside us, fight with us. Roseanne Barr The thing women have yet to learn is nobody gives you power. You just take it. Erma Bombeck It takes a lot of courage to show your dreams to someone else. David Bower ï » ¿Dream the dreams that have never been dreamt.